الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
1’imhinella anisum, L. is one of the most economical and promising medicinal and aromatic plants. It is considered as one of the most important and widely cultivated medicinal and aromatic plants grown in Minia Governorate. It is increasingly used in folklore medicine and its oil is used
to stimulate gland secretion, has an antispasmodic and carminative action and diminishes the desire to cough.
Two field experiments were carried out during two successive seasons, 1998/1999 and .1999/2000. The first one aimed to explore the response of Piinpinella anisum plants to potassium and phosphorus fertilization treatments in terms of vegetative growth, yield components, oil and some chemical constituents. While, the second experiment was executed to explore the influence of NP mineral/biofertilizers and two micronutrients on the same vegetative, yield and chemical constituents of anise hinl?inella anisum, L. plants.
The most important obtained results for each one of the two experiments could be summarized separately in the following paragraphs.
First Experiment:
Effect of Potassium Fertilization:
- Different vegetative characters studied in this experiment such as plant height, stein diameter, main and secondary branch number/plant and herb dry weight were increased at various degrees as a result of the use of the three potassium sulphate rates. The tallest plants with thickest stems having more branches and heaviest herb dry weights were those received medium and high rates.
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All of the used potassium fertilization treatments caused noticeable increase in number of umbels and umbellules and weight of 1000 fruits and fruits yield per plant and per feddan. The highest number and the heaviest weight of fruits were obtained, in descending order, by high, medium and low potassium sulphate rate. But all of them were pronouncely higher than those of unfertilized plants.
The three essential oil determination parameters, oil % and oil yield per plant and per feddan were considerably augmented due to potassium fertilization treatments. Moreover, increasing fertilization rate was parallel to a gradual increase in essential oil percentage and essential oil yield.
Chlorphyll a, chlorophyll b and cartenoid contents were significantly increased as a result of the use of potassium treatments at the low, medium and high rates. The most superior treatment in the two seasons which gave the highest values of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and
carotenoid contents was the high rate (37.5 kg K20/fed.).
Reducing and total sugars content were noticeably raised especially by the use of high potassium rate followed by the medium one.
- Potassium % and uptake were gradually increased due to the increase in the added potassium sulphate rate with highly significant differences between each one of the three rates and those of the unfertilized plants.
- Phosphorus % and phosphorus uptake in the herb of Pimpinella anisum plants were remarkably, increased by all used potassium sulphate rates with the high one giving always the highest values.
Effect of Phosphorus Fertilization:
- The use of either medium or high rate of triple superphosphate (35 or 45
kg P205/fed.) produced the tallest plants, the thickest stems, the greatest
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number of main and secondary branches and the heaviest dry weights of
Pimpinel/a anisunn plants.
- Number and weight of umbels and umbelles, weight of 1000 hulls, as well as, fruits yield per plant and per feddan were greatly increased by the use of different triple superphosphate rates, especially the high one (45 kg P205/fed.).
- Concerning essential oil percentage and yield per plant and per feddan, they were effectively increased by the use of all triple superphosphate rates. However, the high followed by the medium one gave the best results.
- Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid contents were considerably
augmented due to phosphorus fertilization treatments. Moreover, the
most superior treatment in the two seasons which showed the highest
,,. values of chlorophyll (a), chlorophyll (b) and carotenoid content was
triple superphosphate at the high rate (45 kg P205/fed.).
- Plant constituents of reducing and soluble sugars content were sloping
upward by the gradual increase in the rate of triple superphosphate.
- The percentages of K and P were greatly increased by the use of the high rate of triple superphosphate, while, the contents of the two nutrients were significantly promoted by the addition of all triple superphosplhosphate rates.
Effect of the Interaction between Potassium and Phosphorus Fertilization:
- The use of high rate of potassium sulphate, 37.5 kg K205/fed., in
combination with the medium or the high rate of triple superphosphate,
35 or 45 kg P205/fed., resulted in the best vegetative growth parameters
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including plant height, stem diameter, main and secondary branch number and herb dry weight.
Yield component aspects such as number and weight of umbels/plant and weight of 1000 fruits were significantly augmented by the addition of all combined potassium — phosphorus treatments. However, the medium or high rate of potassium sulphate plus the medium or high rate of triple superphosphate resided in the highest values. Similarly, the yield of alliSUM fruits per plant and per feddan followed the same trend. Therefore, the combined treatment of high rate of both fertilizers could be used as the best treatment.
- Different essential oil parameters were significantly raised by almost all combined potassium-phosphorus fertilization treatments. Moreover, the yield of essential oil per plant and per feddan were increased by more than two folds than those of the control by the use of the high rate of both fertilizers.
Different photosynthetic pigments were generally stimulated as a result of the use of different combinations between potassium and phosphorus fertilization rates.
Chemical analysis of the plant including reducing and total soluble sugars content, as well as, potassium and phosphorus percentages and uptakes were greatly and pronouncely increased by the use of both potassium salphate and triple superphosphate, especially at the high and medium rates.
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Second Experiment:
Effect of NP Mineral/Riofertilizers:
- Both NP mineral treatment and NP inineral/biofertilizer treatments increased considerably different vegetative growth characters of anise plants such as plant Neigh, stem diameter, main and secondary branch number and herb dry weight. The partial replacement of N and/or P mineral fertilizers by biogen and/or phosphorene gave almost similar enhancement of such traits to that of mineral fertilization.
- The efficient role of biofertilizers, biogen and phosphorene, was extended also to various yield component parameters including seed yield per plant and per feddan. The seed yield was greatly increased due to the use of either mineral fertilization or combined rnineral/biofertilization.
r - Similar promotion trend due to the use of all fertilization treatments,
including the biofertilizers was observed for essential oil percent and
yield per plant and per feddan.
- Concerning photosynthetic pigments, reducing and total sugars and
nitrogen and phosphorus percentage and uptake were greatly stimulated
due to (lie use of all NP mnineral/bio-fertilizers.
Effect of Micronutrients:
- Obtained results emphasized tl~e role of zinc and manganese in
augmenting all vegetative characters and yield component parameters.
Moreover, the use of both Zn + Mn was superior to each element alone.
- Seed and essential oil yield per plant and per feddan were considerably
increased due to Zn and/or Mn application, with the highest seed and oil
yields being obtained due to the combined Zn/Mn treatment.
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- All chemical constituents, including photosynthetic pigments, reducing and total sugars and nitrogen and phosphorus % and uptake, were also stimulated by all of the three zinc and/or manganese treatments.
Effect of the Interaction between NP Mineral/biofertilization and Micronntrients:
Obtained results in this experiment indicated that the interaction between NP fertilization and micronutrients was mostly effective in increasing vegetative growth characters, maximizing the yield of seeds and essential oil and stimulating different chemical constituents of anise plants.
Recommendations:
It might be concluded that the use of the high rate of both potassium and phosphorus fertilizers (37.5 K20 and 45 P2O5 kg/feddan, respectively) resulted in enhancing vegetative growth and augmenting seed and essential oil yield of anise plants.
It is recommended to apply NP mineral and biofertilizers in combination with Zn and Mn micronutrients in order to maximize both seed yield and essential oil production.
It is worth to mention the efficient possibility of replacing one half of the traditionally used mineral fertilizer amounts by the safe, less expensive biofertilizers such as biogen and phosphorene in producing reasonable yield of seeds and essential oil of anise, Pimpinella plants.