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Abstract
Summary
Budgerigars are one of the earliest known captive pet parrots, they are becoming increasingly more popular as household pets, and they could constitute a potential source and reservoir of pathogenic bacteria and may play a role in their transmission to man and other susceptible animals. Microbial infections of the alimentary tract occur frequently in psittacine birds, and it is a common practice to culture faeces as part of the routine avian examination.
The present study was designed to investigate the bacterial isolates affecting budgerigars which may be normal inhabitant or pathogenic and causing diseases.
A total of 200 budgerigars were examined; out of them 180 birds were diagnosed as apparently healthy birds, these birds collected and classified into 3 groups; zoological gardens group, private collections group, and pet shops group, faecal dropping were collected and submitted for bacteriological examination.
Twenty birds were diagnosed as diseased birds and showed depression, weakness, ruffled feathers and wet vent with yellowish to greenish diarrhea and respiratory manifestation, they were submitted for bacteriological examination, histopathological examination and antibiotic sensitivity for the isolated bacteria.
Results of bacteriological examination of apparently healthy budgerigars revealed the isolation of Escherichia sp., Klebsiella sp., Citrobacter sp., Proteus sp., Enterobacter sp., Edwardsiella sp., Serratia sp., Providencia sp., Yersienia sp., Pseudomonas sp., Salmonella sp., Staphylococcus sp., Enterococcus sp. and Corynebacterium sp. as (14.52%), (9.38%), (2.12%), (9.38%), (10.74%), (0.76%), (4.84%), (0.76%), (0.15%), (0.15%), (0.15%), (22.69%), (23.60%) and (0.76%) respectively in relation to total number of isolates. They were infected budgerigars with percentages of (53.33%), (31.11%), (7.22%), (32.78%), (38.33%), (2.78%), (17.78%), (2.78%), (0.56%), (0.56%), (0.56%), (70%), (69.44%) and (2.78%) respectively in relation to total number of birds.
The isolated E.coli serovars were belonging to O26, O55, O114 and O128 by 62.5 %, 22.5%, 7.5% and 7.5% respectively.
The highest rate of isolated E.coli (65.63%), Citrobacter (57.14%), Edwardsiella (80%) and Providencia (80%) were present in zoo collection group and this attributed to the hygienic measures and feeding habits. Yersienia sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Salmonella sp. were isolated only from zoo birds. While the highest rate of isolated Proteus (59.68%) and Enterococcus (47.44%) were present in private budgerigars and Corynebacterium sp. was isolated only from private birds. Regarding Klebsiella was isolated with nearly similar percentage from private and pet shop birds. While Enterobacter sp., Serratia sp., Staphylococcus sp. were isolated with nearly similar percentage from private and zoo budgerigars.
Most of the bacteria were failed to be isolated from the pet shop birds and others were isolated with the lowest percentages and this could be attributed to the routine regular use of antibiotics.
Concerning the results of bacteriological examination of diseased budgerigars, they revealed the isolation of E.coli, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermedis and Enterococcus by 37.5%, 36.25%, 6.25%, 80%, 43.75% and 18.75% respectively.
The isolated E.coli serovars were belonging to O26 and O128 by 55 % and 45 % respectively.
Histopathological examination showed catarrhal enteritis and mucinous degeneration in intestine. In heart there were vaculation, intermuscular oedema, hyaline degeneration and hemorrhages. Lungs showed diffuse congestion and perivascular oedema. While liver revealed vaculation, congestion, focal areas of haemosidrosis, fibrosis and perihepatitis. Congestion of blood vessels and mild tubular nephrosis were observed in kidney.
The antibiotic sensitivity tests revealed that, Gentamycin and Ciprofloxacin were the most effective drugs against the isolated E.coli. Moreover Amikacin, Chloramphenicol and Gentamycin were the most effective antibiotics for the isolated Proteus. While Amikacin and Tetracycline were the most effective drugs against the isolated Klebsiella.
Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol and Erythromycin are the most effective antibiotics against the isolated Staphylococcus. Concerning the isolated Enterococcus the most effective drugs were Nitrofurantoin. Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol and Amikacin were highly effective against the isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Gentamycin, Amikacin, Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline were the most effective drugs against the isolated Salmonella chester.
As this bird is important from the recreational and economic point of view so, we recommend the following; this bird must be carefully managed through the followings:-
1- Provided with suitable diet and environment.
2- Regular cleaning of cages.
3- Avoiding humidity and direct sun light.
4- Regular clinical examination with making sensitivity test for providing the proper treatment.