الفهرس 
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Abstract
The aim of the work: First, is to use ultrasound guided intranodular absolute ethanol injection (99.8% ethanol) rather than 95% ethanol for inactivation of solitary toxic nodules, comparing our results with results of other research workers using 95% ethanol.
Second, is to use absolute intranodular ethanol injection (99.8%) as a possible modality for inactivation of toxic multinodular goiter.
Third, is to use ultrasound guided intrathyroidal percutaneous absolute ethanol injection (99.8% ethanol) as a possible modality for induction of remission of Graves’ disease.
We can summarize the advantages of percutaneous ethanol injection over other modalities of treatment for Graves’ disease, solitary toxic nodules and toxic multinodular goiter as follow:
- It is safe (if done by well-trained personnel) feasible and can be done in the out-patient clinic.
- Of low cost.
- Tolerable by all patients, even with rare occurrence of side effects which are minimal and not serious (versus surgery).
- High cure rate in GD, STN and TMG compared with other modalities of treatment.
- Can be caused in young patients (versus RAI).
- Can be used with safety in high risk patients (versus surgery).
- Pregnancy needs to be postponed (versus RAI).
- No contraindication in lactating women (versus RAI).
- Leaves a sound gland with no need of life-long treatment of thyroid hormone replacement therapy which carries a potential risk of osteoporosis especially in postmenopausal women (versus surgery and RAI).
- Good cosmetic appearance after treatment of GD, STN and TMG (versus surgery).
- PEI opens a fourth door for treatment of hyperthyroidism due to GD, STN, and TMG in high risk patients with failure of antithyroid drugs and RAI therapy.
- PEI can prevent the need for surgery in resistant cases of hyperthyroidism especially in young age.